Some prerequisites: some exposures with classical field theory would help
1. Introduction
For definiteness, let us study scalar field on flat Physicists often call a quantity as scalar field. because it is a function of space and time. To mathematicians’ eyes, I guess [I am not a mathematician, so I can only assume this] that is viewed merely as a number. Instead, the scalar field is given by a scalar function The arguments are in the domain whereas takes the value in the codomain.
As physicists, we should already be familiar with viewing as a scalar field. But in this post, let us take a peek on the alternative point of view. I believe this point of view is preferred not only by mathematicians, but also by some physicists.
2. Klein-Gordon Lagrangian
To describe
let us define a map
such that There are other maps which are also useful. Define
such that
In general, a multiplication between two functions is given by the function such that
This is a typical definition of multiplication of scalar functions in the context of differential geometry. Let us also define some differentiations. The function
is defined as [I hope I do not need to make use of ]
Sometimes, it is more convenient to write instead of But in any case, we will avoid (at least in this post) writing “” This is because is a parameter, and can be replaced by any number. So using this choice for example would lead to
whose LHS is mentally irritating. Let us also define
such that
The functions can also be defined in a similar way. The “trace” of a function is given by
With the above ingredients, the Klein-Gordon Lagrangian is given by
It is a functional of and So
On the other hand, direct computation gives
where we used the identity which can be shown directly from the definition. The last term on RHS of eq.(14) gives surface integral at spatial infinity. Let us assume that this vanishes. So we can now read off
gives
which is Klein-Gordon equation.
Note the version of Euler-Lagrange’s equation (16). This version is often seen in Classical Mechanics but rarely appeared in Classical Field Theory. Physics students are often introduced to Classical Field Theory along the line of “Like in Classical Mechanics, there is also Euler-Lagrange’s equation. But we have to proceed differently to get Euler-Lagrange’s equation
which is tailored-made for Classical Field Theory”. From my direct experience, this approach makes Classical Field Theory to look far more complicated than Classical Mechanics and that there is an unforeseeable gap between them which cannot easily be filled in.
So hopefully our use of Euler-Lagrange’s equation (16) should make the connection between Classical Mechanics and Classical Field Theory a bit clearer.
3. Klein-Gordon Hamiltonian
To obtain Hamiltonian, we first look for conjugate momenta of It is given by
Hamiltonian is then the functional of It is given by
Let us next compute Poisson’s bracket. In the case of Classical Field Theory, we are often taught to start from the identity
where is 3d Dirac’s delta function. However, there is an alternative way to avoid direct manipulation with Dirac’s delta function.
For this, let us view as coordinates of some manifold [NB: physics students exposed to General Relativity would tend to think of manifold as associated only to spacetime. However, this viewpoint is too limited. It is better to think of Manifold as some mathematical concepts which has wide applications. The description of spacetime as manifold is only one application in physics.]. So are one-forms on whereas
are vectors on The one-forms and vectors are dual in the sense that
where is a well-behaved arbitrary function. Next, let us define a linear map which changes a one-form to a vector as follows
Let us define a vector field (called Hamiltonian vector field) of a scalar function on as
So it can be shown that Poisson’s bracket of scalar functions on is given by
We want to compute For this, we first compute
So
4. Solution to equation of motion
This section is not so related to the title of the post. This means that we do not make use of any geometrical methods in the analysis [It might be possible to use one, but I still do not have enough knowledge to do so or to see if it is really possible]. However, I include this section just to make this post a bit more complete.
From either Lagrangian or Hamiltonian analyses, we obtain equation of motion for
Recall that LHS of this equation is in fact a function So let us apply it on For this, let us consider the Fourier transform
Substituting this into the equation of motion (31) (whose LHS is already applied to ) gives
By inverse Fourier transforming, we obtain
For each this equation is just SHO equation. So it is easy to see (by high school or beginning undergraduate physics students in Thailand) that the solution is given by
But reality condition implies that which in turn implies and hence
This gives
Sometimes, it is preferable to write RHS in terms of relativistic quantities. Based on the insight from Special Relativity, one could expect to put and on equal footing. Similarly, one would expect to put and on equal footing. For this, let us make use of the trick of Dirac’s delta function to get
The exponent is already in the relativistic form: However, the argument of the Dirac’s delta function is still not. So let us make use of the identity
So by using the fact that vanishes for we obtain
The coefficient would look nicer if we set
[NB: This choice has no physical motivation. It just only makes the presentation a bit nicer. The choice which often appears in Classical Field Theory is In order to discuss this choice, I will need to include other discussions. But I do not intend to do it in this post.] giving
Perhaps this form is the most relativistic that one could get. As a cross-check, one could integrate out to obtain the original form
Let us substitute the solution into the Hamiltonian (20). For this, it is convenient if we first rewrite
Then we compute
Any well-behaved functions can be written as a Fourier transform
Direct computation gives
Using this identity, it is easy to show that
Combining these results give
So Hamiltonian of the system is time-independent.
Let us simply end this post here.